Thursday, 5th December 2024

Paul Spencer Sochaczewski

To Cut That Tree, Cut Through Me

Posted on 16. Feb, 2024 by in Articles, Environment

Paul Spencer Sochaczewski

Srimati Bali Devi Rana continues an Indian women’s community conservation movement started some 300 years ago.

 

To Cut That Tree, Cut Through Me
Chipko women’s movement keeps on huggin’

 

REINY, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India

Any new-age nature-lover can hug a tree, and many do. But it takes a special kind of person to embrace a tree that is about to be chopped down and to dare the woodsman: “If you want to cut the tree, you’ll have to cut through me.”

The Chipko movement in north India was founded on this kind of challenge.

I met Srimati Bali Devi Rana, a leader of this unstructured movement, at her 210-person village of Reiny, about an hour north of the Indian hill station of Joshimath, in the north Indian state of Uttarakhand.

Sitting on the roof of her two story-house, with hay drying at our feet and tall peaks just a few kilometers away, she welcomed me with glasses of cold, clear water, tea and homemade nibbles made of corn flakes, peanuts, and masala. Srimati, an animated woman wearing an orange woolen head scarf and homespun jacket and shirt, ran me through the historical origins of the movement.

* * *

It started in Rajasthan, on the western edge of India, where people of the Bishnoi community made a bold protest to protect their community forests. It was around 1730, and the menfolk were working in their distant fields. The women of the village saw woodsmen approaching their community forest, their intention clear. “Don’t cut our trees,” the women screamed and begged. “We have orders from the Maharaja of Jodhpur,” the axe-men said. “Stand aside.” The women hugged their precious trees, for the trees were the lifeblood of their culture and well-being. The axe-men called in the maharaja’s soldiers, who killed 362 of the protesters.

The maharaja, it is said, was unaware of this massacre, and when he learned of the bloodbath, he ordered timber cutting to stop.

That incident established the principle that tree-hugging is a viable, but sometimes bloody way to protect local forests. Tree-hugging as a social movement became as Indian as chapati and dhal. And the need to protect trees grew more urgent as India’s population grew, new roads opened previously inaccessible regions to exploitation, and people in the lowland cities saw there was considerable money to be made by exploiting the forests. But mountain folk argued that the forests were their sole source of livelihood, since the terrain and weather prevented significant agriculture.

* * *

Artists, schoolchildren, historians, and conservationists have re-imagined the trigger incident that created the Chipko movement. Here are a few examples:

 

 

Wikimedia

 

 

In April 1973 the movement sprang up again, this time in the Himalayan foothills of northern India. The situation mirrored the narrative of 1730. The issues were (and remain) complex, but basically the government, which owned most of the forest, gave logging and exploitation rights to commercial companies from the faraway plains, excluding the local mountain folk from economic gains that they depended on.

This confrontation festered and finally exploded when the local village commune set up to run forest-product industries was denied its annual quota of ash trees so they could manufacture farming tools. The government instead gave the logging rights to a large “foreign” manufacturer of sporting goods.

The villagers were incensed by this disregard of their traditional rights and loss of an important income source.

Srimati explained that the forest contractor sent in 200 axe-men one evening when the contractor knew that most of the men had gone into the town to collect seasonal compensation from the district headquarters. “Two of our women, who had gone down to the river to collect water saw these forest laborers going up and quickly informed and alerted the rest of us,” Srimati explains. “All the women decided that even in the absence of men, we must act on our own try to stop these laborers from cutting trees.”

The women confronted the contractor’s axe-men and tried to talk them out of it. When that failed, the women rushed to protect the trees, “embracing them as children,” and challenging the contractors to swing their axes against the unarmed villagers’ backs.

This protest and subsequent actions led to a major victory in 1980 with a 15-year ban on tree cutting in the Himalayan forests of Uttar Pradesh, by order of India’s then-prime minister, Indira Gandhi. The movement later spread to other states and helped get government officials to focus on the need for natural resource policies, which were more sensitive to people’s needs and environmental factors.

* * *

As Srimati Bali Devi Rana, who is the head of the Mahila Mangal Dal (Women’s Welfare Group) in northern India, offered me fresh slices of cucumber and homemade biscuits, I told her about my first contact with Chipko, which is a Hindi word meaning “stick to” or “cling” — not “hugging” as the feel-good Western translation puts it.

I was working for the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in Switzerland, and volunteered to show an Indian visitor the sights. More than a few heads turned as Sunderlal Bahuguna, a slight, heavily bearded man, wearing a beige, woolen homespun robe à la Mahatma Gandhi, embraced a several-hundred year-old oak tree near the Château de Nyon, outside Geneva. In his deep Indian accent, he explained how the women of northern India had started Chipko to protest against the deforestation that was threatening their livelihood. Bahuguna, a seemingly humble man, whose 5,000-kilometer (3,100 mile) trans-Himalayan foot march and appeal that forced then-prime minister Indira Gandhi to issue a ban on tree-felling, was visiting Switzerland to seek international support to stop the Tehri Dam in the Himalayan region. Bahuguna claimed that people “butcher the earth,” and he railed against “suicidal activities being carried out in the name of development.” He gave me a new perspective on nature conservation, introducing me to the power of emotional, culturally specific campaigns enacted by the people most affected by environmental damage. At the same time, I wondered why the international face of a woman’s movement was that of a man.

* * *

As I reminisced about my favorable impressions of Bahuguna, who had introduced me to such tantalizing concepts, Srimati Bali Devi Rana interrupted me.

“Sunderlal Bahuguna is a thief,” she exclaimed. Taken aback by such voluble emotion from a pleasant Asian woman whom I had just met, I asked her to explain her accusation. “Sunderlal Bahuguna was a contractor who cut the trees and got rich,” she explained. “After he made a lot of money, he claimed he had a change of heart and declared he was part of the movement.”

* * *

Obviously, passions run high when trees meet politics.

When I visited Reiny village, Srimati Bali Devi Rana had just returned from Nairobi, where she received a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) award and spoke at an international conservation conference, sharing the stage with Kenyan Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai. It was her first trip outside India for the 57-year-old woman, a voyage no doubt made more than a little challenging since she speaks no English. I pointed out that Chipko is famous around the world. Did that make her proud?

Not particularly, she said. “Lots of learned people come here to write scholarly papers about our idyllic life,” she said, “but they live in cities that are dirty.” She thought a moment. “We don’t write our literature. Our literature is the mountains, the jungles, the animals, and holy spirits. People come to see our literature.”

 


This article is adapted from a chapter in A Conservation Notebook: Ego, Greed, and Oh-So-Cute Orangutans — Tales from a Half-Century on the Environmental Front Lines.

Explorer’s Eye Press – Geneva
Publication: June 28, 2022
ISBN: Trade Paperback: 978-2-940573-39-4
ISBN: eBook: 978-2-940573-40-0
310 pages

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